about Python-Programing

Using Java as the underlying systems language for Python has a number of advantages over the current implementation of Python in C. First and foremost of these in my mind is the opportunity to ride the Java popularity wave and let Python code run everywhere there's a Java VM. It also makes the rich set of portable Java API's available from within Python. There is also a nice collection of technical reasons why Java is a superior implementation language for Python than C. These include Java's binary portability, thread-safety, object-orientation, true exceptions, garbage collection, and friendliness to glue languages. Nonetheless, Java offers many advantages for Python as both an implementation language and a widely available run-time platform.

about python

 Python is simple to use, but it is a real programming language, offering much more structure and support for large programs than shell scripts or batch files can offer. On the other hand, Python also offers much more error checking than C, and, being a very-high-level language, it has high-level data types built in, such as flexible arrays and dictionaries. Because of its more general data types Python is applicable to a much larger problem domain than Awk or even Perl, yet many things are at least as easy in Python as in those languages.

Python allows you to split your program into modules that can be reused in other Python programs. It comes with a large collection of standard modules that you can use as the basis of your programs — or as examples to start learning to program in Python. Some of these modules provide things like file I/O, system calls, sockets, and even interfaces to graphical user interface toolkits like Tk.

Python is an interpreted language, which can save you considerable time during program development because no compilation and linking is necessary. The interpreter can be used interactively, which makes it easy to experiment with features of the language, to write throw-away programs, or to test functions during bottom-up program development. It is also a handy desk calculator.

Python enables programs to be written compactly and readably. Programs written in Python are typically much shorter than equivalent C, C++, or Java programs, for several reasons:

the high-level data types allow you to express complex operations in a single statement;

statement grouping is done by indentation instead of beginning and ending brackets;

no variable or argument declarations are necessary.

Python is extensible: if you know how to program in C it is easy to add a new built-in function or module to the interpreter, either to perform critical operations at maximum speed, or to link Python programs to libraries that may only be available in binary form (such as a vendor-specific graphics library). Once you are really hooked, you can link the Python interpreter into an application written in C and use it as an extension or command language for that application.

health cares

All opioid drugs from poppy-derived opium to heroin work on receptors that are naturally present in the brain and elsewhere in the body. One such receptor, the mu-opioid receptor, binds to natural pain-killers in the body called endogenous endorphins and enkephalins. Drugs acting on the mu-opioid receptor can cause addiction as well as unwanted side effects like drowsiness, problems with breathing, constipation and nausea. "Normally, when you are in pain, you are releasing endogenous opioids, but they're just not strong enough or long lasting enough," says Traynor. The team had long hypothesized that substances called positive allosteric modulators could be used to enhance the body's own endorphins and enkephalins. Oxycodone binds to so-called opioid receptors in the body. There are three different types: MOP, DOP and KOP. The painkillers available to date mainly activate the MOP (also called ?-opioid receptor). However, stimulating MOP can not only be addictive, it can also have life-threatening side effects. The most serious is respiratory paralysis, which is why the most common cause of death after heroin use is respiratory arrest. "Drugs that selectively bind to the DOP receptor probably do not have these dramatic side effects," hopes Prof. Dr. Christa Müller from the Pharmaceutical Institute at the University of Bonn. The emphasis is on "selective": The opioid receptors are so similar that many drugs activate all three forms. In order to find substances that only dock to the DOP receptor, it is therefore necessary to know exactly what happens during the binding process. Spatial structure made visible down to the atomic level The current study can now answer this question. "We have activated the DOP receptor with two different molecules, purified the complex and then elucidated its structure using X-rays," explains Tobias Claff, who carried out the majority of the experiments. For this purpose, the complex of receptor and active substance is transformed into a crystalline state. The crystal lattice deflects the X-ray light in a characteristic manner. The intensity distribution of the diffracted radiation can therefore be used to deduce the spatial structure of the complex, right down to the arrangement of each individual atom.

Cloud Computing Services

Cloud Computing Services? 

The growth of cloud computing has been exponential over the past few years, so what is it? Put simply, cloud computing is a remote virtual pool of on-demand shared resources offering to compute, storage, database and network services that can be rapidly deployed at scale. Now there may be a couple of terms within this definition that are new to you, or not too clear, such as virtual or computer. 

Well, these could be servers, networks, storage, computing power, and other infra related services commonly offered and referred to as IaaS (Infrastructure as service).

There are other cloud models as well, like PaaS (Platform as Service) and SaaS (Software as service) which is nothing but Cloud application and very popular for building online products and startups, but let’s focus on IaaS first to understand the benefits provided by Cloud.

Not long ago, in order to host a real-world E-commerce application, you need to buy servers, networks, storage and need to set them up to your requirements like installing the required software and operating system. Most of the companies have their own Data Center where these servers are kept, and there was a high cost involved to keep those data center running.

It was just initial time and cost for setting up the server, but also their utilization was poor; for example, secondary servers are often idle just wasting that precious CPU and memory power. The effect was more evident on big companies which own thousands of servers across multiple data center on the world.

Amazon was one such company, which quickly realize that by using virtualization, they can use the computing power of their infrastructure, and that gives birth to the cloud.

In the cloud, you can spin up a server, database, network very quickly with just some clicks and you will only be charged for whatever you use. So this solves the problem of setup, utilization, and scalability.

Cloud Computing Simple

Cloud Computing Simple

1. Simplifying The Cloud

• So much talk about the cloud but what is it? – Simply it is using the internet to access such things as your files, data or email, rather than having them locally on your desktop or laptop.

• Why would you want these things to be in The Cloud? – Accessibility from wherever you are and from any devise (desktop, laptop, mobile devise), whenever you want it.

2. Is The Cloud Really That Simple?

• Yes and there is even more benefits for your business to move into the cloud.

• With any new shift in the technologies that influence how you run your business, there are also a lot of questions.

3. Top 10 Questions About Cloud Solutions:

1. How Do You Back Up Our Data In The Cloud?

2. How Secure Is My Data In The Cloud?

3. Is Server Redundancy Easier In The Cloud?

4. Can I Run My Legacy Applications In The Cloud?

5. How Do Cloud Solutions Cut Energy Costs?

 

4. 6-10 Top Cloud Questions Continued:

6. How Can I Access The Cloud?

7. How Do I Maintain My IT System In The Cloud?

8. When Should My Business Consider Moving into The Cloud?

9. Can My Business Do a Partial Cloud Solution or All at Once?

10. Is The Cloud Expensive?

 

5. How Do You Back Up Our Data In The Cloud?

• Backups are frequent and automated. There is no human error element, that for example “Bob” from IT was sick today and no else changed the tapes.

• Back-ups are sent digitally offsite to another location. This means your data is better protected against natural and man-made disasters, like hurricanes, fire or theft.

• Data/System recovery is much faster. If something were to happen to your data in the cloud, that data can easily be recovered and brought back online

6. How Secure Is My Data In The Cloud?

• Virtualization technology is what makes the cloud run, which is inherently safer than a traditional server environment.

• A virtual server can hold 10x as much as a traditional server – Fewer points of entry into your network for malicious intent – Fewer servers to monitor and maintain simplifies security monitoring.

• See server redundancy question for additional security benefits

 

7. Is Server Redundancy Easier In The Cloud?

• What is redundancy? Having a computer system or network device that takes over when the primary unit fails.

• Redundancy is built into the virtualization technology itself. – If one system goes down it automatically rolls to a new one.

• With the Cloud SMB’s have access to a technology that in the past has been complex and expensive. – Business is up and running 99.9% of the time, equaling minimal loss in revenue or employee productivity.

 

8. Can My Legacy Applications Run In The Cloud?

• Yes, the cloud actually preserves legacy applications and are ideal candidates to move to The Cloud.

• Many legacy applications are built and only run on outdated technology. If a problem or upgrade is needed for the application it is very expensive or impossible to move or upgrade the technology.

• By utilizing the application on the virtualized server in the Cloud, it allows it to run efficiently on a new technology platform.

 

9. How Do Cloud Solutions Cut Energy Costs?

• Virtualization, the technology that runs the cloud is 60% more energy efficient than traditional servers.• Virtualized servers can be at 80% utilization. Versus traditional servers at 25%-30% utilization. Fewer servers are needed = less energy used.

• With Hosted Cloud Solutions and eliminating your server, you further reduce your electric bill.

 

 10. How Can I Access the Cloud?

• You can access the cloud anytime and anywhere you have an internet connection and from almost any device.• There are applications that you can install to access multiple clouds.

• Being able to access the cloud(s) whenever allows employees to connect to their desktop and applications remotely allowing for better time management.

 

11. How Can I Maintain My IT System In the Cloud?

• When you use the Sun Digital hosted cloud there are no client maintenance responsibilities.

• Cloud solutions use virtualization technology. Sun Digital can monitor, maintain multiple IT systems, deploy security patches, and software updates seamlessly.

• Prior to moving over to the cloud most Sun Digital clients spent 1 hour a day maintaining their IT system and sometimes another 2 hours on monthly maintenance. That is 22 hours of and 14% of that IT staff person’s time.

• Sun Digitals hosted cloud solution allows faster problem solving and helps your business to run more efficiently.

 

12. When Should My Business Consider Moving into the Cloud?

• When starting a new company cloud solutions offer an affordable start up with a monthly hosting fee.

• When a server or work station reach’s its end of life. Cloud solutions are more affordable than purchasing new equipment.

• When your business needs to stabilize expenses. Hosted cloud solutions have flat monthly cost instead of investing in more costly equipment.

 

13. Can My Business Do a Partial Cloud Solution or All at Once?

• A partial cloud solution, is ideal as technology comes to its end of life.

• A partial cloud solutions should be considered when using graphics heavy software programs. These types of programs perform better on the local client machine.

• If your business and staff want to try the cloud out prior to going completely into the cloud, a partial cloud solution for email, calendar, and contact systems are great ways to get started.

 

 

14. Is The Cloud Expensive?

• With a hosted cloud environment, businesses would be eliminating servers and applications, which eliminates the energy costs to run the systems.

• Hosted cloud solutions are priced according to usage.

• The cloud has a lower set up cost versus large technology investments for onsite servers.

 

15. Summary

• There are many benefits to taking your technology into The Cloud – IT Efficiency, Administration, Data Safety and Cutting Operational Costs

• Get through the hype and consider a pilot project or application to move into The Cloud

• Understand that not every application or system is a good candidate for The Cloud

• Choose a technology partner who has experience with multiple Cloud projects and complexities, there is no cookie cutter approach.

 

16. Why Is Sun Digital Qualified To Advise On The Cloud?

• Information Technology Company Established in 1996.

• Working with virtualization and Cloud technologies with its inception into the commercial market.

• Wholly owns and operates a completely virtualized data center.

• Has an impressive list of references for successfully implemented cloud projects.

Cloud Computing Components

 Cloud Components has three components 

1. Client computers 

2. Distributed Servers 

3. Data-centers

Clients: Clients are the device that the end user interact with cloud. 

three types of clients: 1.) Mobile 2.) Thick 3.) Thin (Most Popular)

Data-center: It is collection of servers where application is placed and is accessed via internet.

Distributed servers Often servers are in geographically different places, but server acts as if they are working next to each other.

Central Server 

 Administrators of the system such as monitoring traffic, client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. 

 It uses a special type of software called Middleware. 

Middleware allow computer to communicate each other.

Service Models :

SaaS(Software as a service): Required software, Operating system & network is provided.  

PaaS(Platform as service): Operating system and network is provided. 

IaaS(Infrastructure as a service): just Network is provided.

Deployment of Cloud Service 

Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Community Cloud, Hybrid Cloud(Combined Cloud)

Why cloud service is popular?

Reduce the complexity of networks.

Do not have to buy software licenses. 

Customization. 

Cloud providers that have specialized in a particular area (such as e-mail) can bring advanced services that a single company might not be able to afford or develop.

scalability, reliability, and efficiency. Info. at cloud are not easily lost.

Cloud computing users

 

 Cloud Computing: who should use it?

•Cloud computing definitely makes sense if your own security is weak, missing features, or below average.

 –the cloud provider’s security people are “better” than yours (and leveraged at least as efficiently),

–the web-services interfaces don’t introduce too many new vulnerabilities, and

–the cloud provider aims at least as high as you do, at security goals,

then cloud computing has better security.

 

IoT Solutions & Challenges

IoT Solutions & Challenges Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data Solutions • Adding Big Data platform allows to store all raw data in the distributed file system in a scalable and reliable manner Challenges • How can we leverage the Big Data platform for more than just storing raw data? How does it combine with the stream processing?

Continuous Ingestion / Fan-In from the Edge DB Source Big Data Log Stream Processing IoT Sensor Event Hub Topic Topic REST Topic IoT GW CDC GW Connect CDC DB Source Log CDC Native IoT Sensor IoT Sensor,  Dataflow GW Topic Topic Queue MQTT GW Topic Dataflow GW Dataflow TopicREST 37 File Source Log Log Log Social Native Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data37 Topic Topic

Challenges for Ingesting Sensor Data Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data • Multitude of sensors • Multiple Firmware versions • Bad Data from damaged sensors • Data Quality.

REST / SOAP REST / SOAP IoT 6a) Adding Data Mining / Machine Learning and Model execution 40 Mobile Apps D B Rich (Web) Client Apps D B (ESB) / Data Integration IoT Devices IoT Gateways IoT Smart Devices Event Hub Event Hub Enterprise Apps WS External Cloud Service Providers BPM and SOA Platform Event Business Logic/Rules Business Intelligence Services WS Event Processes Visualization Analytics DB Service Bus Oracle Data IntegratorKafka Kafka Kafka SOAP Various SQL SOAP REST WebSocket JMS JMSAPI GatewayAPI Gateway REST REST Kafka Kafka SQL REST REST REST / SOAP Stream Processing ESP/CEP DB DB Big Data Processing HDFS Batch Processing DB Kafka Kafka HDFS ESP/CEP Edge Analytics MQTT MQTT Stream Analytics Hadoop / Spark Oracle Big Data Appliance SOA Suite BPM Suite Business Activity Monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data40 Kafka / MQTT / REST Kafka / MQTT / REST = one way = request/response I 4.0 Machine DB CDC GoldenGate MQTT Kafka / MQTT / REST Kafka.

IoT Reference Architecture Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data

IoT Services IoT Logical Reference Architecture IoT Device Sensor Actuator IoT Gateway Storage UIApp Streaming Analytics Enterprise Applications BPM and SOA PlatformStreaming Analytics Storage Endpoint Management Event Hub Service Bus Event Hub Event Hub Service Bus Big Data / BI Storage Services Processes UIApp Storage Bulk Analytics UI Bulk Analytics UI Storage Streaming Analytics Service Bus API REST SOAP HTTP KAFKA MQTT CoAP XMPP DDS AMQP KAFKA WIFI BLE ZigBee WIFI Wired Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data43

 IoT Services IoT Logical Reference Architecture – Oracle on premises IoT Device Sensor Actuator IoT Gateway Storage UIApp Streaming Analytics Enterprise Applications BPM and SOA PlatformStreaming Analytics Storage Endpoint Management Event Hub Service Bus Event Hub Event Hub Service Bus Big Data / BI Storage Services Processes UIApp Storage Bulk Analytics UI Bulk Analytics UI Storage Streaming Analytics Service Bus API REST SOAP HTTP KAFKA MQTT CoAP XMPP DDS AMQP KAFKA WIFI BLE ZigBee WIFI Wired Edge Analytics Business Activity Monitoring SOA Suite BPM Suite Service Bus Oracle Data Integrator Stream Analytics Big Data Appliance Stream Analytics Service Bus API Gateway Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data44 Oracle IoT CS Gateway Oracle IoT CS Client Library

 IoT Services IoT Logical Reference Architecture – Oracle Cloud Services IoT Device Sensor Actuator IoT Gateway Storage UIApp Streaming Analytics Enterprise Applications BPM and SOA PlatformStreaming Analytics Storage Endpoint Management Event Hub Service Bus Event Hub Event Hub Service Bus Big Data / BI Storage Services Processes UIApp Storage Bulk Analytics UI Bulk Analytics UI Storage Streaming Analytics Service Bus API REST SOAP HTTP KAFKA MQTT CoAP XMPP DDS AMQP KAFKA WIFI BLE ZigBee WIFI Wired Edge Analytics Oracle BI CS Oracle Big Data CS Oracle SOA CS Oracle Integration CS Oracle IoT CS Oracle Streaming Analytics CS Oracle Messaging CS Oracle Big Data Discovery CS Oracle Mobile CS Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data45 Oracle IoT CS Gateway Oracle IoT CS Client Library Oracle Process CS Oracle DataFlow ML CS Big Data Preparation CS Application Container CS Container CS.

About IOT & BIGDATA

 

Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data.

 Internet of Things (IoT) Wave Internet of Things (IoT): Enabling communication between devices, people & processes to exchange useful information & knowledge that create value for humans Term was first proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999 Source: The Economist Source: Ericsson, June 2016 Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data.

Reasons why IoT opportunity is occurring now ?

Affordable hardware • Costs of actuators & sensors have been cut in half over last 10 years Smaller, more powerful hardware • Form factors of hardware have shrunk to millimetre or even nanometer levels Ubiquitous & cheap mobility • Cost for mobile devices, bandwidth and data processing has declined over last  10 years Availability of supporting tools • Big data tools & cloud based infrastructure have become widely available Mass market awareness • IoT has surpassed a critical tipping point • Vision of a connected world has reached such a followership that companies have initiated IoT developments • Commitment is irreversible Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data6

The Sensing-as-a-Service Model Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data.

Towards an IoT Architecture Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data

Key Challenges for building an IoT application

1. Connect: How to collect data from intelligent devices? • Abstract complexity associated with device connectivity • Standardize integration of devices with enterprise

2. Analyze: How to analyze IoT data? • Reduce noise and detect business event at real-time • Enable historical big-data analysis

3. Integrate: How to integrate IoT data & events with enterprise infrastructure? • Make enterprise processes IoT friendly • Allow enterprise & mobile applications to control devices Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data.

Today) Existing Service-/API Architecture as a base 19 Mobile Apps D B Rich (Web) Client Apps D B API Gateway Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) / Data Integration Enterprise Apps WS External Cloud Service Providers BPM and SOA Platform Event Business Logic/Rules Business Intelligence Services WS Event Processes Visualization Analytics DB REST / SOAP REST / SOAP REST / SOAP SOAP Various SQL SOAP REST Service BusOracle Data Integrator API Gateway SOA Suite BPM Suite Business Activity Monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data = one way = request/response.

 REST / SOAP REST / SOAP IoT 1a) Reuse exiting Service-/API-based Architecture IoT Smart Devices 20 Mobile Apps D B Rich (Web) Client Apps D B Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) / Data Integration Enterprise Apps WS External Cloud Service Providers BPM and SOA Platform Event Business Logic/Rules Business Intelligence Services WS Event Processes Visualization Analytics DB REST / SOAP REST REST JMS / REST SOAP Various SQL SOAP REST WebSocket JMS Service BusOracle Data Integrator API Gateway API Gateway JMS JMS WeblogicJMS SOA Suite BPM Suite Business Activity Monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data = one way = request/response.

CMS with Python

 What is a CMS?

A content management system - better known as a CMS - is a kind of software that’s designed for the creation and modification of digital content. Among its wide variety of features, it usually offers publishing options, version control, search engine optimization, access control, and different design templates. It streamlines the content creation and publishing processes by providing a simple user interface that supports your marketing strategy, without requiring any advanced technical knowledge from users. It is used to create user friendly environment.

Core functionality and managing assets factors should you pay attention to when choosing a technology to build a CMS?

A good CMS should provide multiple handy out-of-the-box functionalities; this will make working with content easier and more robust. It should also allow for easy asset management.

User interaction:

The CMS should be intuitive and user friendly; it should provide self-explanatory ways to manage content and even add new subpages.

SEO:

A good CMS should be prepared for SEO. The page structure, meta tags, and other auto-generated content have to be SEO-friendly.

Integration with other systems:

The CMS should be a place gathering in one spot different external services and providers necessary for your business to function, such as payment gateways or social media integrations.

Popularity:

It’s super important to choose a technology which is backed by a large community, offers lots of integrations and extensions along with easy-to-find manuals.

Experts:

You need to have access to a broad market of IT specialists who will help you create your ideal team and be able to fill in any rotation gaps.

Performance:

The selected technology should start performing right out of the box, and be easy to install and deploy without bearing additional expenses on external support.

Cloud storage:

You might need a wide range of cloud solutions for installing and storing the entire system.

Security:

It’s safer to select a full-fledged technology - one that has already been tested in many different areas and is supported by a community that deals with any new bugs.

All of these factors appear to be outstanding in Python development.

Why is Python a good language of choice for creating a CMS?

1. Maturity:

Python has two big players in the world of CMSs: Wagtail and Django CMS. Both are well-tested and mature, quality solutions, with a large community of customers, editors and - above all - developers who are constantly working on new features and releasing updates and bug fixes. This is important because it makes the software even more functional and reliable.

2. Ease of use and speed :

Python frameworks are easy to adapt and convert into a tailor-made CMS, while at the same time act like building blocks for programming. This is extremely helpful when it comes to fast delivery with a limited team, as you can have a lot of functions, like contact forms, WYSIWYG editor or page hierarchy without coding, since they are already implemented.

3. Prebuilt admin dashboard:

Both Wagtail and Django CMS are built on top of the Django framework which comes with a prebuilt admin dashboard. This is a huge advantage in terms of the speed of developing a CMS that has a built-in space for admins to manage content, users, and so on. You can get a sneak peek by clicking on the links: DjangoCMS/Wagtail.

4. Advanced and ready-to-use features:

The biggest advantages of Python frameworks include: simplicity of deployment, the availability of cloud solutions (like AWS, GCP or Heroku) and a lot of single-click tools that make it possible to establish proper CI/CD pipelines for high degrees of automation in the process of delivering new code. These and many other things guarantee that your product will be well-tested and resistant to time.

What is crucial from business perspective?

All of these points are not only significant for devs, but also crucial from a business perspective.

When you use a mature and relatively secure framework backed by so many experts, you don’t have to spend a lot of time and money on any additional support.

You also have more specialized developers to choose from. Looking for someone to fill a vacancy is not so problematic.

The ease of use and many built-in features already available in the framework make development go much faster. It’s also more efficient and less costly.

The further development of your CMS also becomes simpler, so you can think about unwinding its full potential, making it as made-to-measure as possible.

Remember: if you don’t adjust the technology required for building a CMS properly, this may result in a lengthier development and very poor support in the case of a critical situation. There’s also a big chance that you will be dramatically limited by its functions, so scaling may be a nightmare. You might spend a lot of money on solving problems that wouldn’t have occurred if you had just selected a better option.

This is why creating a Python-based CMS may be the safest alternative.

State Of Insecurity in IOT

 There are many reasons behind the state of insecurity in IoT. Some of it has to do with the industry being in its “gold rush” state, where every vendor is hastily seeking to dish out the next innovative connected gadget before competitors do.

 • Under such circumstances, functionality becomes the main focus and #security takes a back seat.

Connectivity • Connecting so many devices will be one of the biggest challenges of the future of IoT, and it will defy the very structure of current communication models and the underlying technologies.

• At present we rely on the centralized, server/client paradigm to authenticate, authorize and connect different nodes in a network.

This model is sufficient for current IoT ecosystems, where tens, hundreds or even thousands of devices are involved. But when networks grow to join billions and hundreds of billions of devices, centralized brokered systems will turn into a bottleneck.

• Such systems will require huge investments and spending in maintaining cloud servers that can handle such large amounts of information exchange, and entire systems can go down if the server becomes unavailable.

• The future of IoT will very much have to depend on decentralizing IoT networks. Part of it can become possible by moving functionality to the edge, such as using #fog computing models where smart devices such as IoT hubs take charge of time-critical operations and cloud servers take on data gathering and analytical responsibilities.

• Other solutions involve the use of peer-to- peer communications, where devices identify and authenticate each other directly and exchange information without the involvement of a broker. Networks will be created in meshes with no single point of failure.

• This model will have its own set of challenges, especially from a security perspective, but these challenges can be met with some of the emerging IoT technologies such as #Blockchain.

• IoT is growing in many different directions, with many different technologies competing to become the standard. This will cause difficulties and require the deployment of extra hardware and software when connecting devices.

• Other compatibility issues stem from non- unified cloud services, lack of standardized #M2M protocols and diversities in firmware and operating systems among IoT devices.

• Some of these technologies will eventually become obsolete in the next few years, effectively rendering the devices implementing them useless.

• This is especially important, since in contrast to generic computing devices which have a lifespan of a few years, IoT appliances (such as smart fridges or TVs) tend to remain in service for much longer, and should be able to function even if their manufacturer goes out of service.

Standards • Technology standards which include network protocols, communication protocols, and data-aggregation standards, are the sum of all activities of handling, processing and storing the data collected from the sensors. • This aggregation increases the value of data by increasing, the scale, scope, and frequency of data available for analysis.

Challenges facing the adoptions of standards within IoT

• Standard for handling unstructured data: Structured data are stored in relational databases and queried through #SQL for example. Unstructured data are stored in different types of #NoSQL databases without a standard querying approach.

• Technical skills to leverage newer aggregation tools: Companies that are keen on leveraging big-data tools often face a shortage of talent to plan, execute, and maintain systems.

Intelligent Analysis & Actions • The last stage in IoT implementation is extracting insights from data for analysis, where analysis is driven by cognitive technologies and the accompanying models that facilitate the use of cognitive technologies.

• Artificial intelligence (#AI) models can be improved with large data sets that are more readily available than ever before, thanks to the lower storage

• Growth in #crowdsourcing and open- source analytics software: Cloud-based crowdsourcing services are leading to new algorithms and improvements in existing ones at an unprecedented rate.

• Real-time data processing and analysis: Analytics tools such as complex event processing (CEP) enable processing and analysis of data on a real-time or a near real- time basis, driving timely decision making and action

• Inaccurate analysis due to flaws in the data and/or model: A lack of data or presence of outliers may lead to false positives or false negatives, thus exposing various algorithmic limitations

• Legacy systems’ ability to analyze unstructured data: Legacy systems are well suited to handle structured data; unfortunately, most IoT/business interactions generate unstructured data

• Legacy systems’ ability to manage real- time data: Traditional analytics software generally works on batch-oriented processing, wherein all the data are loaded in a batch and then analyzed

• The second phase of this stage is intelligent actions which can be expressed as #M2M and M2H interfaces for example with all the advancement in UI and UX technologies.

• Lower machine prices

• Improved machine functionality

• Machines “influencing” human actions through behavioral-science rationale

• Deep Learning tools

• Machines’ actions in unpredictable situations

• Information security and privacy

• Machine interoperability

• Mean-reverting human behaviors

• Slow adoption of new technologies

Business • The bottom line is a big motivation for starting, investing in, and operating any business, without a sound and solid business model for IoT we will have another bubble this model must satisfy all the requirements for all kinds of e-commerce; vertical markets, horizontal markets, and consumer markets.

• End-to-end solution providers operating in vertical industries and delivering services using cloud analytics will be the most successful at monetizing a large portion of the value in IoT.

 • While many IoT applications may attract modest revenue, some can attract more. For little burden on the existing communication infrastructure, operators have the potential to open up a significant source of new revenue using IoT technologies.

IoT can be divided into 3 categories based on usage and clients base:

1. Consumer IoT includes the connected devices such as smart cars, phones, watches, laptops, connected appliances, and entertainment systems.

2. Commercial IoT includes things like inventory controls, device trackers, and connected medical devices.

3. Industrial IoT covers such things as connected electric meters, waste water systems, flow gauges, pipeline monitors, manufacturing robots, and other types of connected industrial devices and systems.

• Clearly, it is important to understand the value chain and business model for the IoT applications for each category of IoT.

Society • Understanding IoT from the customers and regulators prospective is not an easy task for the following reasons:

• Customer demands and requirements change constantly.

• New uses for devices—as well as new devices—sprout and grows at breakneck speeds.

 • Inventing and reintegrating must-have features and capabilities are expensive and take time and resources.

• The uses for Internet of Things technology are expanding and changing—often in uncharted waters.

• Consumer Confidence: Each of these problems could put a dent in consumers' desire to purchase connected products, which would prevent the IoT from fulfilling its true potential.

• Lack of understanding or education by consumers of best practices for IoT devices security to help in improving privacy, for example change default passwords of IoT devices.

Privacy • The IoT creates unique challenges to privacy, many that go beyond the data privacy issues that currently exist. Much of this stems from integrating devices into our environments without us consciously using them.

• This is becoming more prevalent in consumer devices, such as tracking devices for phones and cars as well as smart televisions.

 • In terms of the latter, voice recognition or vision features are being integrated that can continuously listen to conversations or watch for activity and selectively transmit that data to a cloud service for processing, which sometimes includes a third party.